Session Lifecycle

Audience: Gateway developers and maintainers Source files: gateway/session.py (~1200 lines + session_*.py siblings), gateway/run.py (~5500 lines facade + run_*.py phases), gateway/config.py Last updated: 2026-06-16

Overview

A session represents a continuous conversation between the agent and one or more users on a messaging platform. The session lifecycle governs when conversations persist, when they reset, how they survive gateway restarts, and how messages queue during concurrent operations.

The session system lives primarily in two modules:

• gateway/session.py — Data model (SessionSource, SessionEntry, SessionContext), key generation (build_session_key), and the main store (SessionStore).
• gateway/run.py — Gateway runner (GatewayRunner) facade that wires sessions into the message processing pipeline; the phases live in run_*.py siblings: session housekeeping (run_watchers.py), agent caching (run_agent_cache.py), restart recovery (session_recovery.py), and message queuing (run_busy.py).

---

1. SessionSource — Message Origin Descriptor

SessionSource is a frozen record of where a message came from. It is attached to every incoming MessageEvent and used for routing, isolation, and context injection.

Fields

Field	Type	Default	Description
platform	Platform	(required)	Enum identifying the messaging platform (telegram, discord, slack, signal, whatsapp, matrix, local, etc.).
chat_id	str	(required)	Platform-level chat/group/channel identifier. Routed through the adapter's chat_id_key transform.
chat_name	Optional[str]	None	Human-readable name of the chat or group.
chat_type	str	"dm"	One of "dm", "group", "channel", "thread". Controls session key generation and isolation.
user_id	Optional[str]	None	Platform-specific user identifier. Used for authorization and per-user session isolation.
user_name	Optional[str]	None	Display name of the message author. Injected into system prompt.
thread_id	Optional[str]	None	Forum topic / Discord thread / Slack thread identifier. Differentiates threaded conversations.
chat_topic	Optional[str]	None	Channel topic or description (Discord channel topic, Slack channel purpose).
user_id_alt	Optional[str]	None	Platform-specific stable alternative ID (Signal UUID, Feishu union_id). Used when user_id is ephemeral.
chat_id_alt	Optional[str]	None	Signal group internal ID — maps a Signal group V2 identifier to its canonical form.
is_bot	bool	False	True when the message author is a bot or webhook (Discord bots).
guild_id	Optional[str]	None	Discord guild / Slack workspace / Matrix server scope identifier.
parent_chat_id	Optional[str]	None	Parent channel when chat_id refers to a thread.
message_id	Optional[str]	None	ID of the triggering message. Used for pin/reply/react operations and Discord ID injection.
role_authorized	bool	False	True when adapter granted access via a platform role (not individual user ID).

Key Methods

• description (property: str) — Human-readable summary e.g. "DM with Alice", "group: My Group, thread: 12345".
• to_dict() / from_dict() — Serialization round-trip for persistence in sessions.json.

---

2. SessionEntry — Active Session Record

SessionEntry is the per-session metadata record stored in memory and persisted to {sessions_dir}/sessions.json. Each entry maps a session_key to its current session_id.

Fields

Field	Type	Default	Description
session_key	str	(required)	Deterministic key identifying the conversation lane (see §4).
session_id	str	(required)	Unique identifier for this specific conversation incarnation. Format: YYYYMMDD_HHMMSS_<8hex>.
created_at	datetime	(required)	When this session incarnation was created.
updated_at	datetime	(required)	Last activity timestamp used for resource housekeeping.
origin	Optional[SessionSource]	None	The source that created this session, used for delivery routing.
display_name	Optional[str]	None	Chat display name (sourced from SessionSource.chat_name).
platform	Optional[Platform]	None	Platform enum persisted for routing across restarts.
chat_type	str	"dm"	Chat type, also persisted for policy lookup.
input_tokens	int	0	Cumulative LLM input (prompt) tokens consumed.
output_tokens	int	0	Cumulative LLM output (completion) tokens consumed.
cache_read_tokens	int	0	Cumulative prompt cache read tokens.
cache_write_tokens	int	0	Cumulative prompt cache write tokens.
total_tokens	int	0	Total token count across all turns.
estimated_cost_usd	float	0.0	Estimated cumulative USD cost.
cost_status	str	"unknown"	Cost tracking status label.
last_prompt_tokens	int	0	Last API-reported prompt token count. Used for accurate compression pre-check.

Boolean Flags (State Machine)

SessionEntry has several boolean flags that form a simple state machine governing session behavior on the next access.

Flag	Type	Default	Description
was_auto_reset	bool	False	Set when explicit suspension causes a replacement session. Also retained for historical records.
auto_reset_reason	Optional[str]	None	"suspended" for explicit suspension; older rows may retain historical reset reasons.
reset_had_activity	bool	False	Whether the replaced session had prior activity.
is_fresh_reset	bool	False	Set by explicit /new or /reset. Triggers topic/channel skill re-injection on first message. Distinguished from was_auto_reset to avoid misleading "session expired" notices.
expiry_finalized	bool	False	Historical finalization fence retained for recovery; no timer writes it.
suspended	bool	False	Hard force-wipe signal. Set by /stop or stuck-loop escalation (3+ consecutive restart failures). On next get_or_create_session(), forces a new session_id regardless of resume_pending.
resume_pending	bool	False	Soft recovery marker. Set by suspend_recently_active() (crash recovery) or drain timeout. On next access, preserves the existing session_id — the user continues on the same transcript. Cleared after the next successful turn completes.
resume_reason	Optional[str]	None	Why resume was marked: "restart_timeout", "shutdown_timeout", "restart_interrupted".
last_resume_marked_at	Optional[datetime]	None	Timestamp of the last resume-pending marking.

State Transition Logic (get_or_create_session)

                    ┌──────────┐
                    │  Incoming │
                    │  Message  │
                    └────┬─────┘
                         │
                         ▼
              ┌──────────────────────┐
              │  session_key exists  │──── No ──► Create fresh SessionEntry
              │  AND !force_new      │
              └──────────┬───────────┘
                         │ Yes
                         ▼
              ┌──────────────────────┐
              │  entry.suspended?    │──── Yes ──► Auto-reset: new session_id
              └──────────┬───────────┘           (reason="suspended")
                         │ No
                         ▼
              ┌──────────────────────┐
              │ entry.resume_pending?│──── Yes ──► Return existing entry
              └──────────┬───────────┘           (preserve session_id)
                         │ No                     Clear flag on next successful turn
                         ▼
              ┌──────────────────────┐
              │   Policy says reset? │──── Yes ──► Auto-reset: new session_id
              └──────────┬───────────┘           (reason="idle"/"daily")
                         │ No
                         ▼
              ┌──────────────────────┐
              │  Return existing     │
              │  entry, bump         │
              │  updated_at          │
              └──────────────────────┘

Priority order in get_or_create_session():

1. suspended=True → always force-reset (hard wipe)
2. resume_pending=True → preserve session_id (soft recovery)
3. No trigger → return existing entry (bump updated_at)

---

3. SessionStore — Storage and Operations

SessionStore is the main storage layer. It maintains an in-memory dict (_entries) persisted to sessions.json, with SQLite (SessionDB) as the canonical store for session metadata and message transcripts.

Constructor

SessionStore(sessions_dir: Path, config: GatewayConfig, has_active_processes_fn=None)

• sessions_dir — Directory where sessions.json lives.
• config — GatewayConfig instance for routing and housekeeping settings.
• has_active_processes_fn — Optional callback keyed by session_key to check for running background processes. Sessions with active processes are protected from routing-entry pruning.

Operations (Methods)

Method	Description
get_or_create_session(source, force_new=False)	Core entry point. Returns existing or creates new SessionEntry. Evaluates explicit suspension and restart recovery state. Creates/ends SQLite records.
update_session(session_key, last_prompt_tokens=None)	Lightweight metadata update after an interaction. Bumps updated_at, optionally records last_prompt_tokens.
reset_session(session_key, display_name=None)	Explicit reset (from /new or /reset). Creates new session_id, sets is_fresh_reset=True. Ends old SQLite session, creates new one.
switch_session(session_key, target_session_id)	Switch to a different existing session ID (from /resume). Ends current SQLite session, reopens target.
suspend_session(session_key)	Mark session as suspended=True (from /stop). Forces auto-reset on next access.
mark_resume_pending(session_key, reason)	Mark session as resume_pending=True (from drain timeout). Preserves session_id on next access. Will NOT override suspended=True.
clear_resume_pending(session_key)	Clear resume_pending after a successful resumed turn. Called from gateway after run_conversation() returns.
suspend_recently_active(max_age_seconds=120)	Crash recovery: mark recently-active sessions as resume_pending=True. Skips already-pending and already-suspended entries. Called on startup after unclean shutdown.
prune_old_entries(max_age_days)	Drop entries older than max_age_days (based on updated_at). Skips suspended entries and sessions with active processes.
list_sessions(active_minutes=None)	Return all sessions, optionally filtered by recent activity. Sorted by updated_at descending.
lookup_by_session_id(session_id)	Find the active SessionEntry for a persisted session ID.
has_any_sessions()	Check if any sessions have ever been created (uses SQLite for history, not just in-memory dict).
append_to_transcript(session_id, message, skip_db=False)	Append a message to SQLite transcript. skip_db=True prevents duplicate writes when the agent already persisted.
rewrite_transcript(session_id, messages)	Full replacement of session transcript (used by /retry, /undo, /compress).
load_transcript(session_id)	Load all messages from a session's SQLite transcript.
rewind_session(session_id, n=1)	Back up n user turns via soft-delete (keeps audit trail); thin wrapper over SessionDB.rewind_user_turn (hermes_state_rewind.py), the one rewind shared with CLI /undo//retry and the TUI. Returns {rewound_count, turns_undone, target_text}.

Internal Helpers

• _ensure_loaded() / _ensure_loaded_locked() — Load sessions.json into _entries dict.
• _save() — Atomic write to sessions.json via temp file + atomic_replace.
• _generate_session_key(source) — Delegates to build_session_key() with config params.

Storage Layout

{sessions_dir}/
  sessions.json          # In-memory _entries dict, persisted as JSON
                           Maps session_key → SessionEntry (metadata only)
  {session_id}.jsonl     # (Legacy, removed in spec 002)

The canonical transcript store is SQLite via SessionDB (from hermes_state). The sessions.json file persists the session_key → session_id mapping and entry metadata (flags, timestamps, token counts). If SQLite is unavailable, the store falls back to JSONL, but this is a degradation path.

---

4. SessionKey Generation Rules

Session keys are deterministic strings that identify a conversation lane. They are generated by build_session_key(source, group_sessions_per_user, thread_sessions_per_user).

Key Format

agent:main:{platform}:{chat_type}[:{chat_id}][:{thread_id}][:{participant_id}]

DM Rules

Scenario	Key
DM with chat_id	agent:main:telegram:dm:12345
DM with chat_id + thread	agent:main:telegram:dm:12345:thread_678
DM without chat_id, with participant_id	agent:main:signal:dm:user_abc
DM without chat_id or participant_id	agent:main:telegram:dm
WhatsApp DM (canonicalized)	agent:main:whatsapp:dm:{canonical_number}

• DMs always include chat_id when present, isolating each private conversation.
• thread_id further differentiates threaded DMs within the same DM chat.
• Without chat_id, falls back to user_id_alt or user_id as participant_id.
• Without any identifier, all DMs on that platform collapse to one shared session.

Group/Channel Rules

Scenario	Key
Group chat	agent:main:telegram:group:-10012345
Group chat, per-user isolation	agent:main:telegram:group:-10012345:user_abc
Thread in group, shared	agent:main:discord:group:12345:thread_678
Thread in group, per-user	agent:main:discord:group:12345:thread_678:user_abc
Channel	agent:main:slack:channel:C12345
WhatsApp group (canonicalized)	agent:main:whatsapp:group:{canonical_id}:{participant}

• chat_id identifies the parent group/channel.
• thread_id differentiates threads within that parent.
• Per-user isolation (append participant_id) is controlled by:
  • group_sessions_per_user (default: True) — group/channel sessions are isolated.
  • thread_sessions_per_user (default: False) — threads are shared by default (Telegram forum topics, Discord threads, Slack threads all share one session per thread).
• participant_id = user_id_alt or user_id (in that priority).
• WhatsApp identifiers are canonicalized to handle JID/LID alias flips.

Special Case: WhatApp

WhatsApp phone numbers go through canonical_whatsapp_identifier() which strips the @s.whatsapp.net suffix and normalizes to E.164 format. This prevents session fragmentation when the bridge returns different alias forms of the same phone number.

---

5. Multi-User Isolation Strategy

Multi-user isolation determines whether multiple users in the same chat share a conversation or each get their own private session.

Decision Logic (is_shared_multi_user_session)

def is_shared_multi_user_session(source, *, group_sessions_per_user, thread_sessions_per_user):
    if source.chat_type == "dm":
        return False  # DMs are always private
    if source.thread_id:
        return not thread_sessions_per_user  # Threads: shared unless per-user
    return not group_sessions_per_user       # Groups: isolated unless shared

Summary

Chat Type	Default	Config Control
DM	Private (never shared)	N/A
Group/Channel	Per-user isolation	group_sessions_per_user (default: True)
Thread (forum, discord)	Shared (all participants see same context)	thread_sessions_per_user (default: False)

Impact on System Prompt

When shared_multi_user_session=True, the system prompt omits a fixed user name and instead states: "Multi-user {thread|session} — messages are prefixed with [sender name]. Multiple users may participate." Individual sender names are prefixed on each user message by the gateway at runtime, preserving prompt caching (the system prompt doesn't change per-turn).

---

6. Explicit Conversation Boundaries

Inactivity and wall-clock time never rotate a conversation. /new and /reset create an explicit boundary; context compression continues to manage long histories. Legacy timer configuration is ignored. The existing SessionResetPolicy datatype is inert compatibility data, not a runtime policy.

Explicit suspension still creates a boundary on the next inbound turn. Recovery respects explicit and historical finalized boundaries rather than reopening them. Resource-only eviction and WebSocket orphan reaping leave conversations resumable.

---

7. Restart Recovery Flow

The restart recovery system ensures that in-flight sessions are preserved across gateway restarts, crashes, and drain timeouts. It is the solution to issue #7536.

Startup Recovery Sequence

Gateway starts
       │
       ▼
┌───────────────────────────────┐
│ Check for .clean_shutdown     │── Exists? ──► Skip suspension (clean exit)
│ marker                        │
└───────────────────────────────┘
       │ Missing
       ▼
┌───────────────────────────────┐
│ session_store                 │── Marks sessions updated within
│ .suspend_recently_active()    │   last 120 seconds as resume_pending
└───────────────────────────────┘
       │
       ▼
┌───────────────────────────────┐
│ _suspend_stuck_loop_sessions()│── Suspends sessions that have been
│                               │   active across 3+ restarts
└───────────────────────────────┘
       │
       ▼
┌───────────────────────────────┐
│ Queue inbound messages while  │
│ startup restore runs          │
│ (_startup_restore_in_progress)│
└───────────────────────────────┘
       │
       ▼
┌───────────────────────────────┐
│ For each adapter, find        │
│ resume_pending sessions →     │
│ synthesize MessageEvent and   │
│ run _handle_message to let    │
│ the agent auto-continue       │
└───────────────────────────────┘

suspend_recently_active(max_age_seconds=120)

Called on gateway startup when no .clean_shutdown marker exists (indicating a crash or unexpected exit). For each session updated within the last 120 seconds:

• Sets resume_pending=True, resume_reason="restart_interrupted", last_resume_marked_at=now.
• Skips entries already resume_pending=True (no double-mark).
• Skips entries explicitly suspended=True (hard wipe should stay).

Stuck-Loop Detection (_suspend_stuck_loop_sessions)

Counts consecutive restarts via a JSON file ({HERMES_HOME}/restart_counts.json). If a session has been active across 3+ consecutive restarts, it's auto-suspended so the user gets a clean slate.

Drain-Timeout Marking

On graceful shutdown/restart, the drain system calls mark_resume_pending() for any session that was mid-turn when the drain timeout fired. Reasons:

• "restart_timeout" — killed during restart drain
• "shutdown_timeout" — killed during shutdown drain
• "restart_interrupted" — crash recovery (from suspend_recently_active)

All three reasons are in _AUTO_RESUME_REASONS and eligible for startup auto-resume.

Auto-Resume on Next Access

When get_or_create_session() encounters resume_pending=True:

1. It returns the existing entry without creating a new session_id.
2. The existing transcript is loaded intact.
3. The marking is not cleared here — it survives until the next successful turn completes (clear_resume_pending() is called from the gateway after run_conversation() returns a real response).
4. If the resumed turn is interrupted again, the resume_pending flag remains set, and the next restart will retry. The stuck-loop counter handles terminal escalation (3 retries → suspended).

Clean Shutdown Marker (.clean_shutdown)

Written at the end of a graceful shutdown. On next startup:

• If present: skip suspend_recently_active() entirely. Active agents were already drained, so no sessions are stuck.
• Then delete the marker.

This prevents unwanted auto-resets after hermes update, hermes gateway restart, or /restart.

---

8. Message Queuing Flow

The message queuing system handles two scenarios:

1. Interrupt follow-ups — When a user sends multiple messages while the agent is processing, subsequent messages are queued as single-slot pending messages.
2. /queue FIFO — Explicit /queue commands that must each produce their own full agent turn, in order, without merging.

Data Structures

adapter._pending_messages: Dict[session_key, MessageEvent]
    └── Single "next-up" slot per session. Overwritten on repeat sends
        (burst collapse). Shared with photo-burst follow-ups.

self._queued_events: Dict[session_key, List[MessageEvent]]
    └── Overflow buffer. Each /queue invocation appends here when the
        slot is occupied. Promoted one-at-a-time after each drain.

Enqueue (_enqueue_fifo)

_enqueue_fifo(session_key, event, adapter)
       │
       ▼
┌───────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Is slot free?                         │
│ (session_key NOT in _pending_messages)│── Yes ──► Place event in slot
└───────────────────────────────────────┘
       │ No
       ▼
Append to _queued_events[session_key] (overflow tail)

Dequeue / Promotion (_promote_queued_event)

Called at the drain site after the slot was consumed. If there's an overflow item:

• When pending_event is None (slot was empty), return overflow head as the new event.
• When pending_event exists, stage overflow head in the slot for the next recursion.
• If no adapter available, push back to _queued_events (don't silently drop).

Queue Depth

_queue_depth(session_key, adapter) returns len(overflow) + (1 if slot occupied else 0).

Clearing

Queued events for a session are cleared on /new and /reset (via _handle_reset_command).

FIFO Invariant

Each /queue invocation produces exactly one full agent turn, in FIFO order, with no merging. The single-slot _pending_messages + overflow _queued_events design ensures that repeated sends during an active turn don't cause out-of-order processing.

---

9. Session Context Injection

SessionContext is built from a SessionSource and GatewayConfig and injected into the agent's system prompt. It tells the agent:

• Where the current message came from
• What platforms are connected
• Where it can deliver scheduled task outputs
• Whether this is a shared multi-user session

Construction (build_session_context)

def build_session_context(source, config, session_entry=None) -> SessionContext

1. Collects connected platforms from config.
2. Collects home channels for each platform.
3. Determines shared_multi_user_session via is_shared_multi_user_session().
4. Attaches session metadata (key, id, timestamps) if session_entry is provided.

PII Redaction (build_session_context_prompt)

The dynamic system prompt section (## Current Session Context) can optionally redact personally identifiable information before sending to the LLM:

• User IDs → user_<12hex> (SHA-256 prefix)
• Chat IDs → <platform>:<12hex> or just <12hex>
• Platforms excluded from redaction: Discord (needs raw IDs for @mentions), and any plugin-registered platform not marked pii_safe.

Redaction applies only to the system prompt text. Routing, session keys, and adapter operations always use the original values.

---

10. Background Housekeeping

The _session_housekeeping_watcher periodically sweeps idle cached agents, sheds cache entries under memory pressure, and prunes old routing entries hourly. It never ends a transcript because of inactivity or the time of day.

TTL, LRU and pressure eviction commit the live transcript to memory providers before soft-releasing clients. Active turns remain protected; terminal, browser and background process resources survive soft release. Routing-entry pruning preserves the canonical SQLite transcript, and live processes protect their routing entries from pruning. Historical expiry_finalized flags remain recovery fences but are no longer written by a timer watcher.

---

11. Agent Cache

The gateway maintains an LRU cache of AIAgent instances keyed by session_key to preserve prompt caching across turns.

Cache Properties

• Max size: 128 entries (agent.agent_cache.max_size, default _AGENT_CACHE_MAX_SIZE).
• Eviction policy: Least-recently-used (LRU via OrderedDict).
• Idle TTL: 3600s (1h) — agent.agent_cache.idle_ttl_secs, enforced by _session_housekeeping_watcher.
• Memory budget: agent.agent_cache.memory_high_mb (default auto) — see below.
• Lock: _agent_cache_lock (threading) for thread safety.

Memory-Pressure Eviction

A cached agent pins _session_messages, the full live transcript including tool outputs — tens of MB on a session with 100+ tool calls. The entry cap and the idle TTL are both blind to that: a gateway serving many chats keeps every warm transcript resident (agents that took a turn within the TTL are never idle-swept), so RSS climbs until the cgroup throttles and SIGTERM can no longer flush inside systemd's stop timeout (#80764).

_sweep_agent_cache_under_pressure() is the valve. Each watcher tick it compares the process's anonymous RSS against memory_high_mb; over budget, it evicts LRU agents through the same soft path the cap enforcer uses (_commit_then_release_soft), then runs malloc_trim so the freed arenas actually return to the OS. Evicted sessions rebuild their transcript from the persisted session on the next turn.

Three classes of session are never shed:

• agents currently mid-turn (their clients and sandboxes are in use);
• the protect_recent most-recently-used sessions (their prompt cache is worth the most);
• any session whose live transcript has not finished reaching disk — transcript_persistence_caught_up() compares _last_flushed_db_idx against len(_session_messages), the same divergence the FTS write-corruption guard reacts to when it preserves live history over a lagging transcript.

memory_high_mb: auto derives the budget from the cgroup limit the gateway runs under (memory.high, then memory.max, then cgroup v1), falling back to total RAM when uncapped. Set a number to pin it, or 0/off to disable the pass entirely. Helpers live in gateway/agent_cache_pressure.py.

Cache Lifecycle

Message arrives
    │
    ▼
get_or_create_session()  →  session_key obtained
    │
    ▼
Lookup _agent_cache[session_key]
    │
    ├── Hit → move_to_end(), reuse AIAgent (preserves prompt cache)
    │
    └── Miss → create new AIAgent, store in cache
                (if at capacity, popitem(last=False) evicts LRU entry)
    │
    ▼
run_conversation()  →  agent processes message
    │
    ▼
Housekeeping soft-releases idle agents without ending transcripts

Cleanup Flow

Resource eviction removes the cached agent and commits memory before soft-releasing clients. Full _cleanup_agent_resources(agent) teardown is reserved for actual conversation boundaries and shutdown.

---

Appendix: Key Configuration

Config Key	Type	Default	Description
group_sessions_per_user	bool	true	Isolate group/channel sessions per user
thread_sessions_per_user	bool	false	Isolate thread sessions per user
session_store_max_age_days	int	0	Prune sessions older than N days (0=disabled)
agent.gateway_auto_continue_freshness	int	3600	Seconds for resume freshness window
agent.gateway_timeout	int	1800	Agent turn timeout (30 min default)
agent.agent_cache.max_size	int	128	LRU entry cap on cached AIAgents
agent.agent_cache.idle_ttl_secs	int	3600	Evict agents idle this long
agent.agent_cache.memory_high_mb	int/str	auto	Anon-RSS budget above which LRU transcripts are shed
agent.agent_cache.max_evictions_per_pass	int	16	Cap on sessions shed per pressure pass
agent.agent_cache.protect_recent	int	8	MRU sessions the pressure pass never touches

State database and FTS recovery

The canonical transcript lives in the sessions and messages tables. FTS5 tables and their sync triggers are derived indexes that can be detached and rebuilt without deleting canonical messages. See State DB recovery for the bounded live failure mode and the explicit repair procedure.

Conversation lifetime

No idle or daily reset settings are supported. Explicit /new and /reset, compaction, suspension and crash recovery retain their separate lifecycle roles.